WandThe Magic Wand Operator

Set Implicit Arguments.
From SLF Require Import LibSepReference.
From SLF Require Repr.
Close Scope trm_scope.

Implicit Types h : heap.
Implicit Types P : Prop.
Implicit Types H : hprop.
Implicit Types Q : valhprop.

First Pass

This chapter introduces an additional Separation Logic operator, called the "magic wand", and written H1 \−∗ H2.
This operator has multiple use:
  • it helps reformulate the consequence-frame rule in an improved manner, through a rule called the "ramified frame rule",
  • it helps stating the weakest-preconditions of a number of languages constructs in a concise manner,
  • it can be useful to state specification for certain data structures.
This chapter is organized as follows:
  • definition and properties of the magic wand operator,
  • generalization of the magic wand to postconditions,
  • statement and benefits of the ramified frame rule,
  • statement of the ramified frame rule in weakest-precondition style,
  • generalized definition of wpgen that recurses in local functions.
The addition and bonus section includes further discussion, including:
  • presentation of alternative, equivalent definitions of the magic wand,
  • statement and proofs of additional properties of the magic wand,
  • a revised definition of mkstruct using the magic wand.
  • "Texan triples", which express function specifications using the magic wand instead of using triples,
  • two other operators, disjunction and non-separating conjunction, so as to complete the presentation of all Separation Logic operators.

Intuition for the Magic Wand

The magic wand operation H1 \−∗ H2, to be read "H1 wand H2", defines a heap predicate such that, if we extend it with H1, we obtain H2. Formally, the following entailment holds:
      H1 \* (H1 \−∗ H2) ==> H2. Intuitively, if one can think of the star H1 \* H2 as the addition H1 + H2, then one can think of H1 \−∗ H2 as the subtraction -H1 + H2. The entailment stated above essentially captures the idea that (-H1 + H2) + H1 simplifies to H2.
Note, however, that the operation H1 \−∗ H2 only makes sense if H1 describes a piece of heap that "can" be subtracted from H2. Otherwise, the predicate H1 \−∗ H2 characterizes a heap that cannot possibly exist. Informally speaking, H1 must somehow be a subset of H2 for the subtraction -H1 + H2 to make sense.
Another possible analogy is that of logical operators. If P1 and P2 were propositions (of type Prop), then P1 \* P2 would mean P1 P2 and P1 \−∗ P2 would mean P1 P2. The entailment P1 \* (P1 \−∗ P2) ==> P2 then corresponds to the tautology (P1 (P1 P2)) P2.

Definition of the Magic Wand

Module WandDef.
Technically, H1 \−∗ H2 holds of a heap h if, for any heap h' disjoint from h and that satisfies H1, the union of h and h' satisfies H2.
The operator hwand, which implements the notation H1 \−∗ H2, may thus be defined as follows.
Definition hwand' (H1 H2:hprop) : hprop :=
  fun h h', Fmap.disjoint h h' H1 h' H2 (h \u h').
The definition above is perfectly fine, however it is more practical to use an alternative, equivalent definition of hwand, expressed in terms of previously introduced Separation Logic operators.
The alternative definition asserts that H1 \−∗ H2 corresponds to some heap predicate, called H0, such that H0 starred with H1 yields H2. In other words, H0 is such that (H1 \* H0) ==> H2. In the definition of hwand shown below, observe how H0 is existentially quantified.
Definition hwand (H1 H2:hprop) : hprop :=
  \ H0, H0 \* \[ H1 \* H0 ==> H2 ].

Notation "H1 \−∗ H2" := (hwand H1 H2) (at level 43, right associativity).
As we establish further in this file, one can prove that hwand and hwand' define the same operator.
The reason we prefer taking hwand as definition rather than hwand' is that it enables us to establish all the properties of the magic wand by exploiting the tactic xsimpl, conducting all the reasoning at the level of hprop rather than having to work with explicit heaps of type heap.

Characteristic Property of the Magic Wand

The magic wand is not so easy to make sense of, at first. Reading its introduction and elimination rules may help further appreciate its meaning.
The operator H1 \−∗ H2 satisfies the following equivalence. Informally speaking, think of H0 = -H1+H2 and H1+H0 = H2 being equivalent.
Lemma hwand_equiv : H0 H1 H2,
  (H0 ==> H1 \−∗ H2) (H1 \* H0 ==> H2).
Proof using.
  unfold hwand. iff M.
  { xchange M. intros H N. xchange N. }
  { xsimpl H0. xchange M. }
Qed.
It turns out that the magic wand operator is uniquely defined by the equivalence (H0 ==> H1 \−∗ H2) (H1 \* H0 ==> H2). In other words, as we establish further on, any operator that satisfies the above equivalence for all arguments is provably equal to hwand.
The right-to-left direction of the equivalence is an introduction rule: it tells what needs to be proved for constructing a magic wand H1 \−∗ H2 from a state H0. What needs to be proved to establish H0 ==> (H1 \−∗ H2) is that H0, when starred with H1, yields H2.
Lemma himpl_hwand_r : H0 H1 H2,
  (H1 \* H0) ==> H2
  H0 ==> (H1 \−∗ H2).
Proof using. introv M. applys hwand_equiv. applys M. Qed.
The left-to-right direction of the equivalence is an elimination rule: it tells what can be deduced from an entailment H0 ==> (H1 \−∗ H2). What can be deduced from this entailment is that if H0 is starred with H1, then H2 can be recovered.
Lemma himpl_hwand_r_inv : H0 H1 H2,
  H0 ==> (H1 \−∗ H2)
  (H1 \* H0) ==> H2.
Proof using. introv M. applys hwand_equiv. applys M. Qed.
This elimination rule can be equivalently reformulated in the following form, which makes clearer that H1 \−∗ H2, when starred with H1, yields H2.
Lemma hwand_cancel : H1 H2,
  H1 \* (H1 \−∗ H2) ==> H2.
Proof using. intros. applys himpl_hwand_r_inv. applys himpl_refl. Qed.

Arguments hwand_cancel : clear implicits.

Exercise: 3 stars, standard, especially useful (hwand_inv)

Prove the following inversion lemma for hwand. This lemma essentially captures the fact that hwand entails its alternative definition hwand'.
Lemma hwand_inv : h1 h2 H1 H2,
  (H1 \−∗ H2) h2
  H1 h1
  Fmap.disjoint h1 h2
  H2 (h1 \u h2).
Proof using. (* FILL IN HERE *) Admitted.

Magic Wand for Postconditions

In what follows, we generalize the magic wand to operate on postconditions, introducing a heap predicate of the form Q1 \−−∗ Q2, of type hprop. Note that the magic wand between two postconditions produces a heap predicate, and not a postcondition.
The definition follows exactly the same pattern as hwand: it quantifies some heap predicate H0 such that H0 starred with Q1 yields Q2.
Definition qwand (Q1 Q2:valhprop) : hprop :=
  \ H0, H0 \* \[ Q1 \*+ H0 ===> Q2 ].

Notation "Q1 \−−∗ Q2" := (qwand Q1 Q2) (at level 43).
The operator qwand satisfies essentially the same properties as hwand. Let us begin with the associated equivalence rule, which captures both the introduction and the elimination rule.
Lemma qwand_equiv : H Q1 Q2,
  H ==> (Q1 \−−∗ Q2) (Q1 \*+ H) ===> Q2.
Proof using.
  unfold qwand. iff M.
  { intros v. xchange M. intros H4 N. xchange N. }
  { xsimpl H. xchange M. }
Qed.
The cancellation rule follows.
Lemma qwand_cancel : Q1 Q2,
  Q1 \*+ (Q1 \−−∗ Q2) ===> Q2.
Proof using. intros. rewrite <- qwand_equiv. applys qimpl_refl. Qed.
An interesting property of qwand is the fact that we can specialize Q1 \−−∗ Q2 to (Q1 v) \−∗ (Q2 v), for any value v.
Lemma qwand_specialize : (v:val) (Q1 Q2:valhprop),
  (Q1 \−−∗ Q2) ==> (Q1 v \−∗ Q2 v).
Proof using.
  intros. unfold qwand, hwand. xpull. intros H0 M.
  xsimpl H0. xchange M.
Qed.

Frame Expressed with hwand: the Ramified Frame Rule

Recall the consequence-frame rule, which is pervasively used for example by the tactic xapp for reasoning about applications.
Parameter triple_conseq_frame : H2 H1 Q1 t H Q,
  triple t H1 Q1
  H ==> H1 \* H2
  Q1 \*+ H2 ===> Q
  triple t H Q.
This rule suffers from a practical issue, which we illustrate in details on a concrete example further on. For now, let us just attempt to describe the issue at a high-level.
In short, the problem stems from the fact that we need to instantiate H2 for applying the rule. Providing H2 by hand is not practical, thus we need to infer it. The value of H2 can be computed as the subtraction of H minus H1. The resulting value may then exploited in the last premise for constructing Q1 \*+ H2. This transfer of information via H2 from one subgoal to another can be obtained by introducing an "evar" (Coq unification variable) for H2. However this approach does not work well in the cases where H contains existential quantifiers. Indeed, such existential quantifiers are typically first extracted out of the entailment H ==> H1 \* H2 by the tactic xsimpl. However, these existentially quantified variables are not in the scope of H2, hence the instantiation of the evar associated with H2 typically fails.
The "ramified frame rule" exploits the magic wand operator to circumvent the problem, by merging the two premises H ==> H1 \* H2 and Q1 \*+ H2 ===> Q into a single premise that no longer mentions H2.
This replacement premise is H ==> H1 \* (Q1 \−−∗ Q). To understand where it comes from, observe first that the second premise Q1 \*+ H2 ===> Q is equivalent to H2 ==> (Q1 \−−∗ Q). By replacing H2 with Q1 \−−∗ Q inside the first premise H ==> H1 \* H2, we obtain the new premise H ==> H1 \* (Q1 \−−∗ Q).
This merging of the two entailments leads us to the statement of the "ramified frame rule" shown below.
Lemma triple_ramified_frame : H1 Q1 t H Q,
  triple t H1 Q1
  H ==> H1 \* (Q1 \−−∗ Q)
  triple t H Q.
Proof using.
  introv M W. applys triple_conseq_frame (Q1 \−−∗ Q) M.
  { applys W. } { applys qwand_cancel. }
Qed.
Reciprocally, we can prove that the ramified frame rule entails the consequence-frame rule. Hence, the ramified frame rule has the same expressive power as the consequence-frame rule.
Lemma triple_conseq_frame_of_ramified_frame : H2 H1 Q1 t H Q,
  triple t H1 Q1
  H ==> H1 \* H2
  Q1 \*+ H2 ===> Q
  triple t H Q.
Proof using.
  introv M WH WQ. applys triple_ramified_frame M.
  xchange WH. xsimpl. rewrite qwand_equiv. applys WQ.
Qed.

Ramified Frame Rule in Weakest-Precondition Style

The ramified frame rule, which we have just stated for triples, features a counterpart expressed in weakest-precondition style (wp).
In what follows, we present the "wp ramified rule", named wp_ramified. This rule admits a concise statement and subsumes all other structural rules of Separation Logic. Its statement is as follows.
    (wp t Q1) \* (Q1 \−−∗ Q2) ==> (wp t Q2).
To see where this statement comes from, recall from the chapter WPsem the rule named wp_conseq_frame, which combines the consequence rule and the frame rule for wp.
Parameter wp_conseq_frame : t H Q1 Q2,
  Q1 \*+ H ===> Q2
  (wp t Q1) \* H ==> (wp t Q2).
Let us reformulate this rule using a magic wand. The premise Q1 \*+ H ===> Q2 can be rewritten as H ==> (Q1 \−−∗ Q2). By replacing H with Q1 \−−∗ Q2 in the conclusion of wp_conseq_frame, we obtain the ramified rule for wp.
Lemma wp_ramified : t Q1 Q2,
  (wp t Q1) \* (Q1 \−−∗ Q2) ==> (wp t Q2).
Proof using. intros. applys wp_conseq_frame. applys qwand_cancel. Qed.

Exercise: 3 stars, standard, especially useful (wp_conseq_frame_of_wp_ramified)

Prove that wp_conseq_frame is derivable from wp_ramified. To that end, prove the statement of wp_conseq_frame by using only wp_ramified, the characteristic property of the magic wand qwand_equiv, and properties of the entailment relation.
Lemma wp_conseq_frame_of_wp_ramified : t H Q1 Q2,
  Q1 \*+ H ===> Q2
  (wp t Q1) \* H ==> (wp t Q2).
Proof using. (* FILL IN HERE *) Admitted.
The following reformulation of wp_ramified can be more practical to exploit in practice, because it applies to any goal of the form H ==> wp t Q.
Lemma wp_ramified_trans : t H Q1 Q2,
  H ==> (wp t Q1) \* (Q1 \−−∗ Q2)
  H ==> (wp t Q2).
Proof using. introv M. xchange M. applys wp_ramified. Qed.

End WandDef.

Automation with xsimpl for hwand Expressions

One can extend the tactic xsimpl to recognize the magic wand, and automatically perform a number of obvious simplifications. This extension is implemented in the file LibSepSimpl, which exports the tactic xsimpl illustrated in this section.
Module XsimplDemo.
xsimpl is able to spot a magic wand that cancels out. For example, if an iterated separating conjunction includes both H2 \−∗ H3 and H2, then these two heap predicates can be merged, leaving just H3.
Lemma xsimpl_demo_hwand_cancel : H1 H2 H3 H4 H5,
  H1 \* (H2 \−∗ H3) \* H4 \* H2 ==> H5.
Proof using. intros. xsimpl. Abort.
xsimpl is able to simplify uncurried magic wands. For example, if an iterated separating conjunction includes (H1 \* H2 \* H3) \−∗ H4 and H2, the two predicates can be merged, leaving (H1 \* H3) \−∗ H4.
Lemma xsimpl_demo_hwand_cancel_partial : H1 H2 H3 H4 H5 H6,
  ((H1 \* H2 \* H3) \−∗ H4) \* H5 \* H2 ==> H6.
Proof using. intros. xsimpl. Abort.
xsimpl automatically applies the introduction rule himpl_hwand_r when the right-hand-side, after prior simplification, reduces to just a magic wand. In the example below, H1 is first cancelled out from both sides, then H3 is moved from the RHS to the LHS.
Lemma xsimpl_demo_himpl_hwand_r : H1 H2 H3 H4 H5,
  H1 \* H2 ==> H1 \* (H3 \−∗ (H4 \* H5)).
Proof using. intros. xsimpl. Abort.
xsimpl can iterate a number of simplifications involving different magic wands.
Lemma xsimpl_demo_hwand_iter : H1 H2 H3 H4 H5,
  H1 \* H2 \* ((H1 \* H3) \−∗ (H4 \−∗ H5)) \* H4 ==> ((H2 \−∗ H3) \−∗ H5).
Proof using. intros. xsimpl. Qed.
xsimpl is also able to deal with the magic wand for postconditions. In particular, it is able to merge Q1 \−−∗ Q2 with Q1 v, leaving Q2 v.
Lemma xsimpl_demo_qwand_cancel : v (Q1 Q2:valhprop) H1 H2,
  (Q1 \−−∗ Q2) \* H1 \* (Q1 v) ==> H2.
Proof using. intros. xsimpl. Abort.
xsimpl is able to prove entailments whose right-hand side is a magic wand.
Lemma xsimpl_hwand_frame : H1 H2 H3,
  (H1 \−∗ H2) ==> ((H1 \* H3) \−∗ (H2 \* H3)).
Proof using.
  intros. xsimpl.
  (* xsimpl first step is to turn the goal into:
     (H1 \−∗ H2) \* (H1 \* H3) ==> (H2 \* H3). *)

Qed.

End XsimplDemo.

Evaluation of wpgen Recursively in Locally Defined Functions

Module WPgenRec.
Implicit Types vx vf : val.
Recall from chapter WPgen the original definition of wpgen, that is, before numerous refactoring. It admitted the following shape.
    Fixpoint wpgen (t:trm) (Q:valhprop) : hprop :=
      match t with
      | trm_val vQ v
      | trm_fun x t1Q (val_fun x t1)
      | trm_fix f x t1Q (val_fix f x t1)
      ...
      end.
This definition of wpgen t Q does not recurse inside the body of functions that occur in the argument t. Instead, it treats such locally defined functions just like values.
Not processing local functions does not limit expressiveness, because it is always possible for the user to manually invoke wpgen for each locally defined function, during the verification proof.
Nevertheless, it is much more satisfying and much more practical to set up wpgen so that it recursively computes the weakest precondition of all the local functions that it encounters during its evaluation.
In what follows, we show how such a version of wpgen can be set up. We begin with the case of non-recursive functions of the form trm_fun x t1, then generalize the definition to the slightly more complex case of recursive functions of the form trm_fix f x t1. In both cases, the function wpgen will get recursively invoked on the body t1 of the function, in a context extended with the appropriate bindings.
The new definition of wpgen will take the shape shown below, for well-suited definitions of wpgen_fun and wpgen_fix yet to be introduced. In the code snippet below, vx denotes a value to which the function may be applied, and vf denotes the value associated with the function itself, this value being used in particular in the case of recursive calls.
    Fixpoint wpgen (E:ctx) (t:trm) : formula :=
      mkstruct match t with
      | trm_val vwpgen_val v
      | trm_fun x t1wpgen_fun (fun vxwpgen ((x,vx)::E) t1)
      | trm_fix f x t1wpgen_fix (fun vf vxwpgen ((f,vf)::(x,vx)::E) t1)
      ...
      end.

1. Treatment of Non-Recursive Functions

For simplicity, let us assume for now the substitution context E to be empty, and let us ignore the presence of the predicate mkstruct. Our goal task is to provide a definition for wpgen (trm_fun x t1) Q, expressed in terms of wpgen t1.
Let vf denote the function val_fun x t1, which the term trm_fun x t1 evaluates to. The heap predicate wpgen (trm_fun x t1) Q should assert that that the postcondition Q holds of the result value vf, i.e., that Q vf should hold.
Rather than specifying that vf is equal to val_fun x t1 as we were doing previously, we would like to specify that vf denotes a function whose body admits wpgen t1 as weakest precondition. This information no longer exposes the syntax of the term t1, and is nevertheless sufficient for the user to reason about the behavior of the function vf.
To that end, we define the heap predicate wpgen (trm_fun x t1) Q to be of the form \ vf, \[P vf] \−∗ Q vf for a carefully crafted predicate P that describes the behavior of the function by means of its weakest precondition. P is defined further on.
The universal quantification on vf is intended to hide away from the user the fact that vf actually denotes val_fun x t1. It would be correct to replace \ vf, ... with let vf := val_fun x t1 in ..., yet we are purposely trying to abstract away from the syntax of t1, hence the universal quantification of vf.
In the heap predicate \ vf, \[P vf] \−∗ Q vf, the magic wand features a left-hand side of the form \[P vf] is intended to provide to the user the knowledge of the weakest precondition of the body t1 of the function, in such a way that the user is able to derive the specification aimed for the local function vf.
Concretely, the proposition P vf should enable the user establishing properties of applications of the form trm_app vf vx, where vf denotes the function and vx denotes an argument to which the function is applied.
To figure out the details of the statement of P, it is useful to recall from chapter WPgen the statement of the lemma triple_app_fun_from_wpgen, which we used for reasoning about top-level functions. Its statement appears below---variables were renamed to better match the current context.
The lemma above enables establishing a triple for an application trm_app vf vx with precondition H' and postcondition Q', from the premise H' ==> wgen ((x,vx)::nil) t1 Q'.
It therefore makes sense, in our definition of the predicate wpgen (trm_fun x t1) Q, which we said would take the form \ vf, \[P vf] \−∗ Q vf, to define P vf as:
     vx H' Q', (H' ==> wpgen ((x,vx)::nil) t1 Q') →
                     triple (trm_app vf vx) H' Q'
This proposition can be slightly simplified, by using wp instead of triple, allowing to eliminate H'. We thus define P vf as:
     vx H', wpgen ((x,vx)::nil) t1 Q' ==> wp (trm_app vf vx) Q'
Overall, the definition of wpgen E t is as follows. Note that the occurence of nil is replaced with E to account for the case of a nonempty context.
  Fixpoint wpgen (E:ctx) (t:trm) : formula :=
    mkstruct match t with
    ...
    | trm_fun x t1fun Q
       let P vf :=
         ( vx H', wpgen ((x,vx)::nil) t1 Q' ==> wp (trm_app vf vx) Q') in
       \ vf, \[P vf] \−∗ Q vf
   ...
   end.
The actual definition of wpgen exploits an intermediate definition called wpgen_fun, as shown below:
    Fixpoint wpgen (E:ctx) (t:trm) : formula :=
      mkstruct match t with
      ...
      | trm_fun x t1wpgen_fun (fun vxwpgen ((x,vx)::E) t1)
      ...
      end.
where wpgen_fun is defined as follows:
Definition wpgen_fun (Fof:valformula) : formula := fun Q
  \ vf, \[ vx Q', Fof vx Q' ==> wp (trm_app vf vx) Q'] \−∗ Q vf.
The soundness lemma for this construct follows from the wp-style reasoning rule for applications, called wp_app_fun, introduced in chapter WPsem. It is not needed to follow at this stage through the details of the proof. (The proof involves lemmas about \ and about \−∗ that are stated and proved only further on in this chapter.)
Lemma wpgen_fun_sound : x t1 Fof,
  ( vx, formula_sound (subst x vx t1) (Fof vx))
  formula_sound (trm_fun x t1) (wpgen_fun Fof).
Proof using.
  introv M. intros Q. unfolds wpgen_fun. applys himpl_hforall_l (val_fun x t1).
  xchange hwand_hpure_l.
  { intros. applys himpl_trans_r. { applys* wp_app_fun. } { applys* M. } }
  { applys wp_fun. }
Qed.
When we carry out the proof of soundness for the new version of wpgen that features wpgen_fun, we obtain the following new proof obligation. (To see it, play the proof of lemma wpgen_sound, in file LibSepDirect.v.)
Lemma wpgen_fun_proof_obligation : E x t1,
  ( E, formula_sound (isubst E t1) (wpgen E t1))
  formula_sound (trm_fun x (isubst (rem x E) t1))
                (wpgen_fun (fun vwpgen ((x,v)::E) t1)).
The proof exploits the lemma wpgen_fun_sound that we just established, as well as a substitution lemma, the same as the one used to justify the soundness of the wpgen of a let-binding.
Proof using.
  introv IH. applys wpgen_fun_sound.
  { intros vx. rewrite <- isubst_rem. applys IH. }
Qed.
Like for other auxiliary functions associated with wpgen, we introduce a custom notation for wpgen_fun. Here, we let Fun x := F stand for wpgen_fun (fun x F).
Notation "'Fun' x ':=' F1" :=
  ((wpgen_fun (fun xF1)))
  (at level 69, x name, right associativity,
  format "'[v' '[' 'Fun' x ':=' F1 ']' ']'").

2. Treatment of Recursive Functions

The formula produced by wpgen for a recursive function trm_fix f x t1 is almost the same as for a non-recursive function, the main difference being that we need to add a binding in the context to associate the name f of the recursive function with the value vf that corresponds to the recursive function.
Here again, the heap predicate wpgen (trm_fun x t1) Q will be of the form \ vf, \[P vf] \−∗ Q vf.
To figure out the details of the statement of P, recall from WPgen the statement of triple_app_fix_from_wpgen, which is useful for reasoning about top-level recursive functions.
It therefore makes sense to define P vf as:
     vx H' Q', (H' ==> wpgen ((f,vf)::(x,vx)::nil) t1 Q') →
                     triple (trm_app vf vx) H' Q'
which can be rewritten as:
     vx H', wpgen ((f,vf)::(x,vx)::nil) t1 Q' ==> wp (trm_app vf vx) Q' We thus consider:
    Fixpoint wpgen (E:ctx) (t:trm) : formula :=
      mkstruct match t with
      | ..
      | trm_fix f x t1wpgen_fix (fun vf vwpgen ((f,vf)::(x,v)::E) t1)
      | ..
      end
with the following definition for wpgen_fix.
Definition wpgen_fix (Fof:valvalformula) : formula := fun Q
  \ vf, \[ vx Q', Fof vf vx Q' ==> wp (trm_app vf vx) Q'] \−∗ Q vf.
The soundness lemma for wpgen_fix is very similar to that of wpgen_fun. Again, it is not needed to follow through the details of this proof.
Lemma wpgen_fix_sound : f x t1 Fof,
  ( vf vx, formula_sound (subst x vx (subst f vf t1)) (Fof vf vx))
  formula_sound (trm_fix f x t1) (wpgen_fix Fof).
Proof using.
  introv M. intros Q. unfolds wpgen_fix.
  applys himpl_hforall_l (val_fix f x t1). xchange hwand_hpure_l.
  { intros. applys himpl_trans_r. { applys* wp_app_fix. } { applys* M. } }
  { applys wp_fix. }
Qed.
The proof of soundness of wpgen involves the following proof obligation to handle the case of recursive functions. (To see it, play the proof of lemma wpgen_sound, in file LibSepDirect.v.)
Lemma wpgen_fix_proof_obligation : E f x t1,
  ( E, formula_sound (isubst E t1) (wpgen E t1))
  formula_sound (trm_fix f x (isubst (rem x (rem f E)) t1))
                    (wpgen_fix (fun vf vxwpgen ((f,vf)::(x,vx)::E) t1)).
Proof using.
  introv IH. applys wpgen_fix_sound.
  { intros vf vx. rewrite <- isubst_rem_2. applys IH. }
Qed.
Here again, we introduce a piece of notation for wpgen_fix. We let Fix f x := F stand for wpgen_fix (fun f x F).
Notation "'Fix' f x ':=' F1" :=
  ((wpgen_fix (fun f xF1)))
  (at level 69, f name, x name, right associativity,
  format "'[v' '[' 'Fix' f x ':=' F1 ']' ']'").
Remark: similarly to xfun, one could devise a xfix tactic. We omit the details.

3. Final Definition of wpgen, with Processing a Local Functions

The final definition of wpgen appears below.
Fixpoint wpgen (E:ctx) (t:trm) : formula :=
  mkstruct match t with
  | trm_val vwpgen_val v
  | trm_var xwpgen_var E x
  | trm_fun x t1wpgen_fun (fun vwpgen ((x,v)::E) t1)
  | trm_fix f x t1wpgen_fix (fun vf vwpgen ((f,vf)::(x,v)::E) t1)
  | trm_if t0 t1 t2wpgen_if t0 (wpgen E t1) (wpgen E t2)
  | trm_seq t1 t2wpgen_seq (wpgen E t1) (wpgen E t2)
  | trm_let x t1 t2wpgen_let (wpgen E t1) (fun vwpgen ((x,v)::E) t2)
  | trm_app t1 t2wp (isubst E t)
  end.
The full soundness proof appears in file LibSepDirect, lemma wpgen_sound.

4. Tactic to Reason About Functions

Like for other language constructs, we introduce a custom tactic for wpgen_fun. It is called xfun, and helps the user to process a local function definition in the course of a verification script.
The tactic xfun can be invoked either with or without providing a specification for the local function.
First, we describe the tactic xfun S, where S describes the specification of the local function. A typical call is of the form xfun (fun (f:val) ..., triple (f ..) .. ..).
The tactic xfun S generates two subgoals. The first one requires the user to establish the specification S for the function whose body admits the weakest precondition Fof. The second one requires the user to prove that the rest of the program is correct, in a context where the local function can be assumed to satisfy the specification S.
The definition of xfun S appears next. It is not required to understand the details. An example use case appears further on.
Lemma xfun_spec_lemma : (S:valProp) H Q Fof,
  ( vf,
    ( vx H' Q', (H' ==> Fof vx Q') triple (trm_app vf vx) H' Q')
    S vf)
  ( vf, S vf (H ==> Q vf))
  H ==> wpgen_fun Fof Q.
Proof using.
  introv M1 M2. unfold wpgen_fun. xsimpl. intros vf N.
  applys M2. applys M1. introv K. rewrite <- wp_equiv. xchange K. applys N.
Qed.

Tactic Notation "xfun" constr(S) :=
  xseq_xlet_if_needed; xstruct_if_needed; applys xfun_spec_lemma S.
Second, we describe the tactic xfun without argument. It applies to a goal of the form H ==> wpgen_fun Fof Q. The tactic xfun simply makes available an hypothesis about the local function. The user may subsequently exploit this hypothesis for reasoning about a call to that function, just like if the code of the function was inlined at its call site. The use of xfun without argument is usually relevant only for local functions that are invoked exactly once (as is often the case for functions passed to higher-order iterators). Again, an example use case appears further on.
Lemma xfun_nospec_lemma : H Q Fof,
  ( vf,
     ( vx H' Q', (H' ==> Fof vx Q') triple (trm_app vf vx) H' Q')
     (H ==> Q vf))
  H ==> wpgen_fun Fof Q.
Proof using.
  introv M. unfold wpgen_fun. xsimpl. intros vf N. applys M.
  introv K. rewrite <- wp_equiv. xchange K. applys N.
Qed.

Tactic Notation "xfun" :=
  xseq_xlet_if_needed; xstruct_if_needed; applys xfun_nospec_lemma.
A generalization of xfun that handles recursive functions may be defined following exactly the same pattern.
This completes our presentation of a version of wpgen that recursively processes the local definition of non-recursive functions. An practical example is presented next.

5. Example Computation of wpgen in Presence of a Local Function

In the example that follows, we assume all the set up from WPgen to be reproduced with the definition of wpgen that leverages wpgen_fun and wpgen_fix. This set up is formalized in full in the file LibSepDirect.
Import DemoPrograms.
Consider the following example program, which involves a local function definition, then two successive calls to that local function.
Definition myfun : val :=
  <{ fun 'p
       let 'f = (fun_ 'u incr 'p) in
       'f ();
       'f () }>.
We first illustrate a call to xfun with an explicit specification. Here, the function f is specified as incrementing the reference p. Observe that the body function of the function f is verified only once. The reasoning about the two calls to the function f that appears in the code are done with respect to the specification that we provide as argument to xfun at the moment of the definition of f.
Lemma triple_myfun : (p:loc) (n:int),
  triple (trm_app myfun p)
    (p ~~> n)
    (fun _p ~~> (n+2)).
Proof using.
  xwp.
  xfun (fun (f:val) ⇒ (m:int),
    triple (f())
      (p ~~> m)
      (fun _p ~~> (m+1))); intros f Hf.
  { intros. applys Hf. clear Hf. xapp. (* exploits triple_incr *) xsimpl. }
  xapp. (* exploits Hf. *)
  xapp. (* exploits Hf. *)
  replace (n+1+1) with (n+2); [|math]. xsimpl.
Qed.
We next illustrate a call to xfun without argument. The "generic specification" that comes as hypothesis about the local function is a proposition that describes the behavior of the function in terms of the weakest-precondition of its body.
When reasoning about a call to the function, one can invoke this generic specification. The effect is equivalent to that of inlining the code of the function at its call site.
Here, there are two calls to the function. We will thus have to exploit twice the generic specification of f, which corresponds to its body incr p. We will therefore have to reason twice about the increment function.
Lemma triple_myfun' : (p:loc) (n:int),
  triple (trm_app myfun p)
    (p ~~> n)
    (fun _p ~~> (n+2)).
Proof using.
  xwp.
  xfun; intros f Hf.
  xapp. (* exploits Hf *)
  xapp. (* exploits triple_incr *)
  xapp. (* exploits Hf *)
  xapp. (* exploits triple_incr *)
  replace (n+1+1) with (n+2); [|math]. xsimpl.
Qed.

End WPgenRec.

More Details

Benefits of the Ramified Rule over the Consequence-Frame Rule

Earlier on, we sketched an argument claiming that the consequence- frame rule is not very well suited for carrying out proofs in practice, due to issues with working with evars for instantiating the heap predicate H2 in the rule. Let us come back to this point and describe the issue in depth on a concrete example, and show how the ramified frame rule smoothly handles that same example.
Module WandBenefits.
Import WandDef.
Recall the consequence-frame rule.
Parameter triple_conseq_frame : H2 H1 Q1 t H Q,
  triple t H1 Q1
  H ==> H1 \* H2
  Q1 \*+ H2 ===> Q
  triple t H Q.
One practical caveat with this rule is that we must resolve H2, which corresponds to the difference between H and H1. In practice, providing H2 explicitly is extremely tedious. The alternative is to leave H2 as an evar, and count on the fact that the tactic xsimpl, when applied to H ==> H1 \* H2, will correctly instantiate H2.
This approach works in simple cases, but fails in particular in the case where H contains an existential quantifier. For a concrete example, consider the specification of the function ref, which allocates a reference.
Parameter triple_ref : (v:val),
  triple (val_ref v)
    \[]
    (funloc p p ~~> v).
Assume that wish to derive the following triple, which extends both the precondition and the postcondition of the above specification triple_ref with the heap predicate \ l' v', l' ~~> v'. This predicate describes the existence of some, totally unspecified, reference cell. It is a bit artificial but illustrates well the issue.
Lemma triple_ref_extended : (v:val),
  triple (val_ref v)
    (\ l' v', l' ~~> v')
    (funloc p p ~~> v \* \ l' v', l' ~~> v').
Let us prove that this specification is derivable from the original one, namely triple_ref.
Proof using.
  intros. applys triple_conseq_frame.
  (* observe the evar ?H2 that appears in the second and third subgoals *)
  { applys triple_ref. }
  { (* here, ?H2 should be in theory instantiated with the LHS.
       but xsimpl strategy is to first extract the quantifiers
       from the LHS. After that, the instantiation of ?H2 fails,
       because the LHS contains variables that are not defined in
       the scope of the evar ?H2 at the time it was introduced. *)

    xsimpl.
Abort.
Now, let us apply the ramified frame rule to carry out the same proof, and observe how the problem does not show up.
Lemma triple_ref_extended' : (v:val),
  triple (val_ref v)
    (\ l' v', l' ~~> v')
    (funloc p p ~~> v \* \ l' v', l' ~~> v').
Proof using.
  intros. applys triple_ramified_frame.
  { applys triple_ref. }
  { xsimpl.
    (* Here again, xsimpl strategy works on the LHS, and pulls out
       the existentially quantified variables. But it works here
       because the remaining of the reasoning takes place in the
       same subgoal, in the scope of the extended Coq context. *)

    intros l' v'. rewrite qwand_equiv. xsimpl. auto. }
Qed.

End WandBenefits.

Properties of hwand

Module WandProperties.
Import WandDef.
We next present the most important properties of H1 \−∗ H2.
Thereafter, the tactic xsimpl is accessible, but in a form that does not provide support for the magic wand.
The actual tactic would trivially solve many of these lemmas, but using it would be cheating because the implementation of xsimpl relies on several of these lemmas.

Structural Properties of hwand

The operator H1 \−∗ H2 is contravariant in H1 and covariant in H2, similarly to the implication operator .
Lemma hwand_himpl : H1 H1' H2 H2',
  H1' ==> H1
  H2 ==> H2'
  (H1 \−∗ H2) ==> (H1' \−∗ H2').
Proof using.
  introv M1 M2. applys himpl_hwand_r. xchange M1.
  xchange (hwand_cancel H1 H2). applys M2.
Qed.
Two predicates H1 \−∗ H2 ans H2 \−∗ H3 may simplify to H1 \−∗ H3. This simplification is reminiscent of the arithmetic operation (-H1 + H2) + (-H2 + H3) = (-H1 + H3).
Lemma hwand_trans_elim : H1 H2 H3,
  (H1 \−∗ H2) \* (H2 \−∗ H3) ==> (H1 \−∗ H3).
Proof using.
  intros. applys himpl_hwand_r. xchange (hwand_cancel H1 H2).
Qed.
The predicate H \−∗ H holds of the empty heap. Intuitively, one can rewrite 0 as -H + H.
Lemma himpl_hempty_hwand_same : H,
  \[] ==> (H \−∗ H).
Proof using. intros. apply himpl_hwand_r. xsimpl. Qed.

Tempting Yet False Properties for hwand

The reciprocal entailement (H \−∗ H) ==> \[] is false, however. For a counterexample, instantiate H as fun h True, or, equivalently, \ H', H'. A singleton heap does satisfy H \−∗ H, although it clearly does not satisfy the empty predicate \[].
Lemma himpl_hwand_same_hempty_counterexample : p v,
  let H := (\ H', H') in
  (p ~~> v) ==> (H \−∗ H).
Proof using. intros. subst H. rewrite hwand_equiv. xsimpl. Qed.
In technical terms, H \−∗ H characterizes the empty heap only in the case where H is "precise", that is, when it describes a heap of a specific shape. In the above counterexample, H is clearly not precise, because it is satisfied by heaps of any shape. The notion of "preciseness" can be defined formally, yet it is out of the scope of this course.
As another tempting yet false property of the magic wand, consider the reciprocal entailment to the cancellation lemma, that is, H2 ==> H1 \* (H1 \−∗ H2). It does not hold in general.
As counter-example, consider H2 = \[] and H1 = \[False]. We can prove that the empty heap does not satisfies \[False] \* (\[False] \−∗ \[]).
Lemma not_himpl_hwand_r_inv_reciprocal : H1 H2,
  ¬ (H2 ==> H1 \* (H1 \−∗ H2)).
Proof using.
   \[False] \[]. intros N. forwards K: N (Fmap.empty:heap).
  applys hempty_intro. rewrite hstar_hpure_l in K. destruct K. auto.
Qed.
More generally, one has to be suspicious of any entailment that introduces wands "out of nowhere".
The entailment hwand_trans_elim: (H1 \−∗ H2) \* (H2 \−∗ H3) ==> (H1 \−∗ H3) is correct because, intuitively, the left-hand-side captures that H1 H2 and that H2 H3 for some vaguely defined notion of as "being a subset of". From that, we can derive H1 H3, and justify that the right-hand-side makes sense.
On the contrary, the reciprocal entailment (H1 \−∗ H3) ==> (H1 \−∗ H2) \* (H2 \−∗ H3) is certainly false, because from H1 H3 there is no way to justify H1 H2 nor H2 H3.

Interaction of hwand with hempty and hpure

The heap predicate \[] \−∗ H is equivalent to H.
Lemma hwand_hempty_l : H,
  (\[] \−∗ H) = H.
Proof using.
  intros. unfold hwand. xsimpl.
  { intros H0 M. xchange M. }
  { xsimpl. }
Qed.
The lemma above shows that the empty predicate \[] can be removed from the LHS of a magic wand.
More generally, a pure predicate \[P] can be removed from the LHS of a magic wand, as long as P is true. Formally:
Lemma hwand_hpure_l : P H,
  P
  (\[P] \−∗ H) = H.
Proof using.
  introv HP. unfold hwand. xsimpl.
  { intros H0 M. xchange M. applys HP. }
  { xpull. auto. }
Qed.
Reciprocally, to prove that a heap satisfies \[P] \−∗ H, it suffices to prove that this heap satisfies H under the assumption that P is true. Formally:
Lemma himpl_hwand_hpure_r : H1 H2 P,
  (P H1 ==> H2)
  H1 ==> (\[P] \−∗ H2).
Proof using. introv M. applys himpl_hwand_r. xsimpl. applys M. Qed.

Exercise: 2 stars, standard, optional (himpl_hwand_hpure_lr)

Prove that \[P1 P2] entails \[P1] \−∗ \[P2].
Lemma himpl_hwand_hpure_lr : (P1 P2:Prop),
  \[P1 P2] ==> (\[P1] \−∗ \[P2]).
Proof using. (* FILL IN HERE *) Admitted.

Interaction of hwand with hstar

An interesting property is that arguments on the LHS of a magic wand can equivalently be "curried" or "uncurried", just like a function of type "(A * B) -> C" is equivalent to a function of type "A -> B -> C".
The heap predicates (H1 \* H2) \−∗ H3 and H1 \−∗ (H2 \−∗ H3) and H2 \−∗ (H1 \−∗ H3) are all equivalent. Intuitively, they all describe the predicate H3 with the missing pieces H1 and H2.
The equivalence between the uncurried form (H1 \* H2) \−∗ H3 and the curried form H1 \−∗ (H2 \−∗ H3) is formalized by the lemma shown below. The third form, H2 \−∗ (H1 \−∗ H3), follows from the commutativity property H1 \* H2 = H2 \* H1.
Lemma hwand_curry_eq : H1 H2 H3,
  (H1 \* H2) \−∗ H3 = H1 \−∗ (H2 \−∗ H3).
Proof using.
  intros. applys himpl_antisym.
  { apply himpl_hwand_r. apply himpl_hwand_r.
    xchange (hwand_cancel (H1 \* H2) H3). }
  { apply himpl_hwand_r. xchange (hwand_cancel H1 (H2 \−∗ H3)).
    xchange (hwand_cancel H2 H3). }
Qed.
Another interesting property is that the RHS of a magic wand can absorb resources that the magic wand is starred with.
Concretely, from (H1 \−∗ H2) \* H3, one can get the predicate H3 to be absorbed by the H2 in the magic wand, yielding H1 \−∗ (H2 \* H3).
One way to read this: "if you own H3 and, when given H1 you own H2, then, when given H1, you own both H2 and H3."
Lemma hstar_hwand : H1 H2 H3,
  (H1 \−∗ H2) \* H3 ==> H1 \−∗ (H2 \* H3).
Proof using.
  intros. applys himpl_hwand_r. xsimpl. xchange (hwand_cancel H1 H2).
Qed.
Remark: the reciprocal entailment is false: it is not possible to extract a heap predicate out of the LHS of an entailment. Indeed, that heap predicate might not exist if it is mentioned in the RHS of the magic wand.

Exercise: 1 star, standard, especially useful (himpl_hwand_hstar_same_r)

Prove that H1 entails H2 \−∗ (H2 \* H1).
Lemma himpl_hwand_hstar_same_r : H1 H2,
  H1 ==> (H2 \−∗ (H2 \* H1)).
Proof using. (* FILL IN HERE *) Admitted.

Exercise: 2 stars, standard, especially useful (hwand_cancel_part)

Prove that H1 \* ((H1 \* H2) \−∗ H3) simplifies to H2 \−∗ H3.
Lemma hwand_cancel_part : H1 H2 H3,
  H1 \* ((H1 \* H2) \−∗ H3) ==> (H2 \−∗ H3).
Proof using. (* FILL IN HERE *) Admitted.

Exercise: 3 stars, standard, optional (hwand_frame)

Prove that H1 \−∗ H2 entails to (H1 \* H3) \−∗ (H2 \* H3). Hint: you can use xsimpl during the proof.
Lemma hwand_frame : H1 H2 H3,
  H1 \−∗ H2 ==> (H1 \* H3) \−∗ (H2 \* H3).
Proof using. (* FILL IN HERE *) Admitted.

Optional Material

Equivalence Between Alternative Definitions of the Magic Wand

Module HwandEquiv.
Implicit Type op : hprophprophprop.
In what follows we prove the equivalence between the three characterizations of hwand H1 H2 that we have presented:
1. The definition hwand', expressed directly in terms of heaps: fun h h', Fmap.disjoint h h' H1 h' H2 (h' \u h)
2. The definition hwand, expressed in terms of existing operators: \ H0, H0 \* \[ (H1 \* H0) ==> H2]
3. The characterization via the equivalence hwand_equiv: H0 H1 H2, (H0 ==> H1 \−∗ H2) (H1 \* H0 ==> H2).
4. The characterization via the pair of the introduction rule himpl_hwand_r and the elimination rule hwand_cancel.
To prove the 4-way equivalence, we first prove the equivalence between (1) and (2), then prove the equivalence between (2) and (3), and finally the equivalence between (3) and (4).
Definition hwand_characterization_1 (op:hprophprophprop) :=
  op = (fun H1 H2
         (fun h h', Fmap.disjoint h h' H1 h' H2 (h' \u h))).

Definition hwand_characterization_2 (op:hprophprophprop) :=
  op = (fun H1 H2\ H0, H0 \* \[ H1 \* H0 ==> H2 ]).

Definition hwand_characterization_3 (op:hprophprophprop) :=
   H0 H1 H2, (H0 ==> op H1 H2) (H1 \* H0 ==> H2).

Definition hwand_characterization_4 (op:hprophprophprop) :=
     ( H0 H1 H2, (H1 \* H0 ==> H2) (H0 ==> op H1 H2))
   ( H1 H2, (H1 \* (op H1 H2) ==> H2)).
The equivalence proofs are given here for reference. It is not needed to follow through the technical details.
Lemma hwand_characterization_1_eq_2 :
  hwand_characterization_1 = hwand_characterization_2.
Proof using.
  applys pred_ext_1. intros op.
  unfold hwand_characterization_1, hwand_characterization_2.
  asserts K: ( A B, A = B (op = A op = B)).
  { intros. iff; subst*. } apply K; clear K.
  apply pred_ext_3. intros H1 H2 h. iff M.
  { (=h). rewrite hstar_hpure_r. split.
    { auto. }
    { intros h3 K3. rewrite hstar_comm in K3.
      destruct K3 as (h1&h2&K1&K2&D&U). subst h1 h3.
      rewrites (>> union_comm_of_disjoint D). applys M D K2. } }
  { (* This direction reproduces the proof of hwand_inv. *)
    intros h1 D K1. destruct M as (H0&M).
    destruct M as (h0&h2&K0&K2&D'&U).
    lets (N&E): hpure_inv (rm K2). subst h h2.
    rewrite Fmap.union_empty_r in *.
    applys N. applys hstar_intro K1 K0. applys disjoint_sym D. }
Qed.

Lemma hwand_characterization_2_eq_3 :
  hwand_characterization_2 = hwand_characterization_3.
Proof using.
  applys pred_ext_1. intros op.
  unfold hwand_characterization_2, hwand_characterization_3. iff K.
  { subst. intros. (* apply hwand_equiv. *) iff M.
    { xchange M. intros H3 N. xchange N. }
    { xsimpl H0. xchange M. } }
  { apply fun_ext_2. intros H1 H2. apply himpl_antisym.
    { lets (M&_): (K (op H1 H2) H1 H2). xsimpl (op H1 H2).
      applys M. applys himpl_refl. }
    { xsimpl. intros H0 M. rewrite K. applys M. } }
Qed.

Lemma hwand_characterization_3_eq_4 :
  hwand_characterization_3 = hwand_characterization_4.
Proof using.
  applys pred_ext_1. intros op.
  unfold hwand_characterization_3, hwand_characterization_4. iff K.
  { split.
    { introv M. apply <- K. apply M. }
    { intros. apply K. auto. } }
  { destruct K as (K1&K2). intros. split.
    { introv M. xchange M. xchange (K2 H1 H2). }
    { introv M. applys K1. applys M. } }
Qed.

End HwandEquiv.

Operator hforall

Module NewQwand.
Export WandDef.
In the beginning of this chapter, we defined qwand following the pattern of hwand, as \ H0, H0 \* \[ Q1 \*+ H0 ==> Q2 ] . An alternative approach consists of defining qwand in terms of hwand.
This alternative definition involves the universal quantifier for heap predicates, written \ x, H. The universal quantifier is the counterpart of the existential quantifier \ x, H.
Using the \ quantifier, we may define Q1 \−−∗ Q2 as the heap predicate \ v, (Q1 v) \−∗ (Q2 v).
Let us first formalize the definition of the universal quantifier on hprop. Technically, a heap predicate of the form \ x, H stands for hforall (fun x H), where the definition of hforall follows the exact same pattern as for hexists. The definition shown below is somewhat technical---details may be safely skipped over.
Definition hforall (A : Type) (J : A hprop) : hprop :=
  fun h x, J x h.

Notation "'\forall' x1 .. xn , H" :=
  (hforall (fun x1 ⇒ .. (hforall (fun xnH)) ..))
  (at level 39, x1 binder, H at level 50, right associativity,
   format "'[' '\forall' '/ ' x1 .. xn , '/ ' H ']'").
The introduction and elimination rule for hforall are as follows.
Lemma hforall_intro : A (J:Ahprop) h,
  ( x, J x h)
  (hforall J) h.
Proof using. introv M. applys* M. Qed.

Lemma hforall_inv : A (J:Ahprop) h,
  (hforall J) h
   x, J x h.
Proof using. introv M. applys* M. Qed.
The introduction rule in an entailement for \ appears below. To prove that a heap satisfies \ x, J x, one must show that, for any x, this heap satisfies J x.
Lemma himpl_hforall_r : A (J:Ahprop) H,
  ( x, H ==> J x)
  H ==> (\ x, J x).
Proof using. introv M. intros h K x. apply¬M. Qed.
The elimination rule in an entailment for \ appears below. Assuming a heap satisfies \ x, J x, one can derive that the same heap satisfies J v for any desired value v.
Lemma hforall_specialize : A (v:A) (J:Ahprop),
  (\ x, J x) ==> (J v).
Proof using. intros. intros h K. apply* K. Qed.
This last lemma can equivalently be formulated in the following way, which makes it easier to apply in some cases.
Lemma himpl_hforall_l : A (v:A) (J:Ahprop) H,
  J v ==> H
  (\ x, J x) ==> H.
Proof using. introv M. applys himpl_trans M. applys hforall_specialize. Qed.
Universal quantifers that appear in the precondition of a triple may be specialized, just like those in the left-hand side of an entailment.
Lemma triple_hforall : A (v:A) t (J:Ahprop) Q,
  triple t (J v) Q
  triple t (\ x, J x) Q.
Proof.
  introv M. applys triple_conseq M.
  { applys hforall_specialize. }
  { applys qimpl_refl. }
Qed.

Alternative Definition of qwand

Declare Scope qwand_scope.
Open Scope qwand_scope.
We are now read to state the alternative definition of Q1 \−−∗ Q2, as the heap predicate \ v, (Q1 v) \−∗ (Q2 v).
Definition qwand (Q1 Q2:valhprop) : hprop :=
  \ v, (Q1 v) \−∗ (Q2 v).

Notation "Q1 \−−∗ Q2" := (qwand Q1 Q2) (at level 43) : qwand_scope.
Let us establish the properties of the new definition of qwand.
We begin by the specialization lemma, which asserts that Q1 \−−∗ Q2 can be specialized to (Q1 v) \−∗ (Q2 v) for any value v. This result is a direct consequence of the corresponding specialization property of \.
Lemma qwand_specialize : (v:val) (Q1 Q2:valhprop),
  (Q1 \−−∗ Q2) ==> (Q1 v \−∗ Q2 v).
Proof using.
  intros. unfold qwand. applys himpl_hforall_l v. xsimpl.
Qed.
We next prove the equivalence rule.
Lemma qwand_equiv : H Q1 Q2,
  H ==> (Q1 \−−∗ Q2) (Q1 \*+ H) ===> Q2.
Proof using.
  intros. iff M.
  { intros x. xchange M. xchange (qwand_specialize x).
    xchange (hwand_cancel (Q1 x)). }
  { applys himpl_hforall_r. intros x. applys himpl_hwand_r.
    xchange (M x). }
Qed.
The cancellation rule follows.
Lemma qwand_cancel : Q1 Q2,
  Q1 \*+ (Q1 \−−∗ Q2) ===> Q2.
Proof using. intros. rewrite <- qwand_equiv. applys qimpl_refl. Qed.
Like H1 \−∗ H2, the operation Q1 \−−∗ Q2 is contravariant in Q1 and covariant in Q2.
Lemma qwand_himpl : Q1 Q1' Q2 Q2',
  Q1' ===> Q1
  Q2 ===> Q2'
  (Q1 \−−∗ Q2) ==> (Q1' \−−∗ Q2').
Proof using.
  introv M1 M2. rewrite qwand_equiv. intros x.
  xchange (qwand_specialize x). xchange M1.
  xchange (hwand_cancel (Q1 x)). xchange M2.
Qed.
Like H1 \−∗ H2, the operation Q1 \−−∗ Q2 can absorb in its RHS resources to which it is starred.
Lemma hstar_qwand : Q1 Q2 H,
  (Q1 \−−∗ Q2) \* H ==> Q1 \−−∗ (Q2 \*+ H).
Proof using.
  intros. rewrite qwand_equiv. xchange (@qwand_cancel Q1).
Qed.

Exercise: 1 star, standard, especially useful (himpl_qwand_hstar_same_r)

Prove that H entails Q \−−∗ (Q \*+ H).
Lemma himpl_qwand_hstar_same_r : H Q,
  H ==> Q \−−∗ (Q \*+ H).
Proof using. (* FILL IN HERE *) Admitted.

Exercise: 2 stars, standard, optional (qwand_cancel_part)

Prove that H \* ((Q1 \*+ H) \−−∗ Q2) simplifies to Q1 \−−∗ Q2. Hint: use xchange.
Lemma qwand_cancel_part : H Q1 Q2,
  H \* ((Q1 \*+ H) \−−∗ Q2) ==> (Q1 \−−∗ Q2).
Proof using. (* FILL IN HERE *) Admitted.

Equivalence between Alternative Definitions of the Magic Wand

for Postconditions
Module QwandEquiv.
Implicit Type op : (valhprop)->(valhprop)->hprop.
In what follows we prove the equivalence between five equivalent characterizations of qwand H1 H2:
1. The definition expressed directly in terms of heaps: fun h v h', Fmap.disjoint h h' Q1 v h' Q2 v (h \u h')
2. The definition qwand, expressed in terms of existing operators: \ H0, H0 \* \[ (Q1 \*+ H0) ===> Q2]
3. The definition expressed using the universal quantifier: \ v, (Q1 v) \−∗ (Q2 v)
4. The characterization via the equivalence hwand_equiv: H0 H1 H2, (H0 ==> H1 \−∗ H2) (H1 \* H0 ==> H2).
5. The characterization via the pair of the introduction rule himpl_qwand_r and the elimination rule qwand_cancel.
The proof are essentially identical to the equivalence proofs for hwand, except for definition (3), which is specific to qwand.
Definition qwand_characterization_1 op :=
  op = (fun Q1 Q2 ⇒ (fun h v h', Fmap.disjoint h h'
                                            Q1 v h' Q2 v (h \u h'))).

Definition qwand_characterization_2 op :=
  op = (fun Q1 Q2\ H0, H0 \* \[ Q1 \*+ H0 ===> Q2 ]).

Definition qwand_characterization_3 op :=
  op = (fun Q1 Q2\ v, (Q1 v) \−∗ (Q2 v)).

Definition qwand_characterization_4 op :=
   H0 Q1 Q2, (H0 ==> op Q1 Q2) (Q1 \*+ H0 ===> Q2).

Definition qwand_characterization_5 op :=
     ( H0 Q1 Q2, (Q1 \*+ H0 ===> Q2) (H0 ==> op Q1 Q2))
   ( Q1 Q2, (Q1 \*+ (op Q1 Q2) ===> Q2)).

Lemma hwand_characterization_1_eq_2 :
  qwand_characterization_1 = qwand_characterization_2.
Proof using.
  applys pred_ext_1. intros op.
  unfold qwand_characterization_1, qwand_characterization_2.
  asserts K: ( A B, A = B (op = A op = B)).
  { intros. iff; subst*. } apply K; clear K.
  apply pred_ext_3. intros Q1 Q2 h. iff M.
  { (=h). rewrite hstar_hpure_r. split.
    { auto. }
    { intros v h3 K3. rewrite hstar_comm in K3.
      destruct K3 as (h1&h2&K1&K2&D&U). subst h1 h3. applys M D K2. } }
  { intros v h1 D K1. destruct M as (H0&M).
    destruct M as (h0&h2&K0&K2&D'&U).
    lets (N&E): hpure_inv (rm K2). subst h h2.
    rewrite Fmap.union_empty_r in *.
    applys N. rewrite hstar_comm. applys hstar_intro K0 K1 D. }
Qed.

Lemma qwand_characterization_2_eq_3 :
  qwand_characterization_2 = qwand_characterization_3.
Proof using.
  applys pred_ext_1. intros op.
  unfold qwand_characterization_2, qwand_characterization_3.
  asserts K: ( A B, A = B (op = A op = B)).
  { intros. iff; subst*. } apply K; clear K.
  apply fun_ext_2. intros Q1 Q2. apply himpl_antisym.
  { xpull. intros H0 M. applys himpl_hforall_r. intros v.
    rewrite hwand_equiv. xchange M. }
  { xsimpl (qwand Q1 Q2). applys qwand_cancel. }
Qed.

Lemma qwand_characterization_2_eq_4 :
  qwand_characterization_2 = qwand_characterization_4.
Proof using.
  applys pred_ext_1. intros op.
  unfold qwand_characterization_2, qwand_characterization_4. iff K.
  { subst. intros. iff M.
    { xchange M. intros v H3 N. xchange N. }
    { xsimpl H0. xchange M. } }
  { apply fun_ext_2. intros H1 H2. apply himpl_antisym.
    { lets (M&_): (K (op H1 H2) H1 H2). xsimpl (op H1 H2).
      applys M. applys himpl_refl. }
    { xsimpl. intros H0 M. rewrite K. applys M. } }
Qed.

Lemma qwand_characterization_4_eq_5 :
  qwand_characterization_4 = qwand_characterization_5.
Proof using.
  applys pred_ext_1. intros op.
  unfold qwand_characterization_4, qwand_characterization_5. iff K.
  { split.
    { introv M. apply <- K. apply M. }
    { intros. apply K. auto. } }
  { destruct K as (K1&K2). intros. split.
    { introv M. xchange M. xchange (K2 Q1 Q2). }
    { introv M. applys K1. applys M. } }
Qed.

End QwandEquiv.

Simplified Definition of mkstruct

The definition of mkstruct can be simplified using the magic wand operator for postconditions.
Recall the definition of mkstruct from chapter WPgen.
Definition mkstruct' (F:formula) : formula :=
  fun (Q:valhprop) ⇒ \ Q1 H, F Q1 \* H \* \[Q1 \*+ H ===> Q].
Observe that the fragment \ H, H \* \[Q1 \*+ H ===> Q] is equivalent to Q1 \−−∗ Q. This observation leads to the following more concise reformulation of the definition of mkstruct.
Definition mkstruct (F:formula) : formula :=
  fun Q\ Q1, F Q1 \* (Q1 \−−∗ Q).
Let us prove, for this revised definition, that mkstruct satisfies the three required properties (recall WPgen): mkstruct_erase, mkstruct_frame, and mkstruct_conseq. In these proofs, we assume the revised definition of qwand expressed in terms of hwand and hforall.
Lemma mkstruct_erase : F Q,
  F Q ==> mkstruct F Q.
Proof using.
  intros. unfold mkstruct. xsimpl Q. rewrite qwand_equiv. xsimpl.
Qed.

Lemma mkstruct_conseq : F Q1 Q2,
  Q1 ===> Q2
  mkstruct F Q1 ==> mkstruct F Q2.
Proof using.
  introv WQ. unfold mkstruct. xpull. intros Q'. xsimpl Q'.
  rewrite qwand_equiv. xchange qwand_cancel. xchange WQ.
Qed.

Lemma mkstruct_frame : F H Q,
  (mkstruct F Q) \* H ==> mkstruct F (Q \*+ H).
Proof using.
  intros. unfold mkstruct. xpull. intros Q'. xsimpl Q'.
  rewrite qwand_equiv. xchange qwand_cancel.
Qed.

End NewQwand.

Texan Triples

Module TexanTriples.
In this section, we assume a version of xsimpl that handles the magic wand. Note that hforall and other operators are set "Opaque", their definitions cannot be unfolded.
Implicit Types v w : val.
Implicit Types p : loc.

1. Example of Texan Triples

In this section, we show that specification triples can be presented in a different style using weakest preconditions.
Consider for example the specification triple for allocation.
Parameter triple_ref : v,
  triple (val_ref v)
    \[]
    (funloc p p ~~> v).
This specification can be equivalently reformulated in the following form.
Parameter wp_ref : Q v,
  \[] \* (\ p, p ~~> v \−∗ Q (val_loc p)) ==> wp (val_ref v) Q.
Above, we purposely left the empty heap predicate to the front to indicate where the precondition, if it were not empty, would go in the reformulation.
In what follows, we describe the chain of transformation that can take us from the triple form to the wp form, and establish the reciprocal. We then formalize the general pattern for translating a triple into a "texan triple" (i.e., the wp-based specification).
By replacing triple t H Q with H ==> wp t Q, the specification triple_ref can be reformulated as follows.
Lemma wp_ref_0 : v,
  \[] ==> wp (val_ref v) (funloc p p ~~> v).
Proof using. intros. rewrite wp_equiv. applys triple_ref. Qed.
We wish to cast the RHS in the form wp (val_ref v) Q for an abstract variable Q. To that end, we reformulate the above statement by including a magic wand relating the current postcondition, which is (funloc p p ~~> v), and Q.
Lemma wp_ref_1 : Q v,
  ((funloc p p ~~> v) \−−∗ Q) ==> wp (val_ref v) Q.
Proof using. intros. xchange (wp_ref_0 v). applys wp_ramified. Qed.
This statement can be made slightly more readable by unfolding the definition of the magic wand for postconditions, as shown next.
Lemma wp_ref_2 : Q v,
  (\ r, (\ p, \[r = val_loc p] \* p ~~> v) \−∗ Q r)
              ==> wp (val_ref v) Q.
Proof using. intros. applys himpl_trans wp_ref_1. xsimpl. Qed.
Interestingly, the variable r, which is equal to val_loc p, can now be substituted away, further increasing readability. We obtain the specificaiton of val_ref in "Texan triple style".
Lemma wp_ref_3 : Q v,
  (\ p, (p ~~> v) \−∗ Q (val_loc p)) ==> wp (val_ref v) Q.
Proof using.
  intros. applys himpl_trans wp_ref_2. xsimpl. intros ? p →.
  xchange (hforall_specialize p).
Qed.

2. The General Pattern

In practice, specification triples can (pretty much) all be casted in the form: triple t H (fun r x1 x2, \[r = v] \* H'). In such a specification:
  • the value v may depend on the xi,
  • the heap predicate H' may depend on r and the xi,
  • the number of existentials xi may vary, possibly be zero,
  • the equality \[r = v] may be removed if no pure fact is needed about r.
Such a specification triple of the form triple t H (fun r x1 x2, \[r = v] \* H' can be be reformulated as the Texan triple: (\ x1 x2, H \−∗ Q v) ==> wp t Q.
We next formalize the equivalence between the two presentations, for the specific case where the specification involves a single auxiliary variable, called x. The statement below makes it explicit that v may depend on x, and that H may depend on r and x.
Lemma texan_triple_equiv : t H A (Hof:valAhprop) (vof:Aval),
      (triple t H (fun r\ x, \[r = vof x] \* Hof r x))
   ( Q, H \* (\ x, Hof (vof x) x \−∗ Q (vof x)) ==> wp t Q).
Proof using.
  intros. rewrite <- wp_equiv. iff M.
  { intros Q. xchange M. applys wp_ramified_trans.
    xsimpl. intros r x →.
    xchange (hforall_specialize x). }
  { applys himpl_trans M. xsimpl¬. }
Qed.

3. Other Examples

Section WpSpecRef.
The wp-style specification of ref, get and set follow.
Lemma wp_get : v p Q,
  (p ~~> v) \* (p ~~> v \−∗ Q v) ==> wp (val_get p) Q.
Proof using.
  intros. rewrite wp_equiv. applys triple_conseq_frame.
  { applys triple_get. } { applys himpl_refl. } { xsimpl. intros ? →. auto. }
Qed.

Lemma wp_set : v w p Q,
  (p ~~> v) \* (\ r, p ~~> w \−∗ Q r) ==> wp (val_set p w) Q.
Proof using.
  intros. rewrite wp_equiv. applys triple_conseq_frame.
  { applys triple_set. } { applys himpl_refl. }
  { intros r. xchange (hforall_specialize r). }
Qed.

Lemma wp_free : v p Q,
  (p ~~> v) \* (\ r, Q r) ==> wp (val_free p) Q.
Proof using.
  intros. rewrite wp_equiv. applys triple_conseq_frame.
  { applys triple_free. } { applys himpl_refl. }
  { intros r. xchange (hforall_specialize r). }
Qed.
Alternatively, we can advertize that set and free output the unit value.
Parameter triple_set' : w p v,
  triple (val_set p w)
    (p ~~> v)
    (fun r\[r = val_unit] \* p ~~> w).

Parameter triple_free' : p v,
  triple (val_free p)
    (p ~~> v)
    (fun r\[r = val_unit]).

Lemma wp_set' : v w p Q,
  (p ~~> v) \* (p ~~> w \−∗ Q val_unit) ==> wp (val_set p w) Q.
Proof using.
  intros. rewrite wp_equiv. applys triple_conseq_frame.
  { applys triple_set'. }
  { applys himpl_refl. }
  { xsimpl. intros ? →. auto. }
Qed.

Lemma wp_free' : v w p Q,
  (p ~~> v) \* (Q val_unit) ==> wp (val_free p) Q.
Proof using.
  intros. rewrite wp_equiv. applys triple_conseq_frame.
  { applys triple_free'. }
  { applys himpl_refl. }
  { xsimpl. intros ? →. auto. }
Qed.

End WpSpecRef.

4. Equivalent expressiveness

Let's show that the specification wp_ref_3 is as strong as the original specification triple_ref.
Lemma triple_ref_of_wp_ref_3 : v,
  triple (val_ref v)
    \[]
    (funloc p p ~~> v).
Proof using.
  intros. rewrite <- wp_equiv.
  applys himpl_trans; [| applys wp_ref_3 ].
  xsimpl*.
Qed.
Likewise for the other three operations: the triple-based specification is derivable from the wp-based specification.
Lemma triple_get_of_wp_get : v p,
  triple (val_get p)
    (p ~~> v)
    (fun r\[r = v] \* (p ~~> v)).
Proof using.
  intros. rewrite <- wp_equiv.
  applys himpl_trans; [| applys wp_get ].
  xsimpl*.
Qed.

Lemma triple_set : w p v,
  triple (val_set (val_loc p) v)
    (p ~~> w)
    (fun _p ~~> v).
Proof using.
  intros. rewrite <- wp_equiv.
  applys himpl_trans; [| applys wp_set ].
  xsimpl*.
Qed.

Lemma triple_free : p v,
  triple (val_free (val_loc p))
    (p ~~> v)
    (fun _\[]).
Proof using.
  intros. rewrite <- wp_equiv.
  applys himpl_trans; [| applys wp_free ].
  xsimpl*.
Qed.

5. Exercise

Let us put to practice the use of a Texan triple on a different example. Recall the function incr and its specification (from Hprop.v).
Parameter incr : val.

Parameter triple_incr : (p:loc) (n:int),
  triple (incr p)
    (p ~~> n)
    (fun v\[v = val_unit] \* (p ~~> (n+1))).

Exercise: 3 stars, standard, especially useful (wp_incr)

State a Texan triple for incr as a lemma called wp_incr, then prove this lemma from triple_incr.
Hint: the proof is a bit easier by first turning the wp into a triple and then reasoning about triples, compared to working on the wp form.
(* FILL IN HERE *)

Direct Proof of wp_ramified Directly from Hoare Triples

Module WpFromHoare.
Import NewQwand.
Recall from the last section of the chapter WPsem that it can be interesting to define wp-style rules directly from the hoare rules, so as to bypass the statements and proofs of rules for triples.
In the first part of this chapter, we proved that the rule wp_ramified is derivable from the consequence-frame rule for triples. Let us now show how to prove the rule wp_ramified directly from the rules of Hoare logic.
Lemma wp_ramified : t Q1 Q2,
  (wp t Q1) \* (Q1 \−−∗ Q2) ==> (wp t Q2).
Proof using.
  intros. unfold wp. xpull. intros H M.
  xsimpl (H \* (Q1 \−−∗ Q2)). intros H'.
  applys hoare_conseq M. { xsimpl. }
  intros r. xchange (qwand_specialize r). xsimpl.
  rewrite hstar_comm. applys hwand_cancel.
Qed.

End WpFromHoare.

Conjunction and Disjunction Operators on hprop

The disjunction and the (non-separating) conjunction are two other Separation Logic operators. The are not so useful in practice, because they can be trivially encoded using Coq conditional construct, or using Coq pattern matching. Nevertheless, these two operators can prove useful in specific contexts. We present them also for the sake of completeness.
Module ConjDisj.
Import NewQwand.

Definition of hor

The heap predicate hor H1 H2 lifts the disjunction operator P1 P2 from Prop to hprop.
Concretely, the heap predicate hor H1 H2 describes a heap that satisfies H1 or satifies H2 (possibly both).
The heap predicate hor admits a direct definition as a function over heaps.
Definition hor' (H1 H2 : hprop) : hprop :=
  fun hH1 h H2 h.
An alternative definition leverages the \ quantifier. The definition, shown below, reads as follows: "there exists an unspecified boolean value b such that if b is true then H1 holds, else if b is false then H2 holds".
The benefits of this definition is that the proof of its properties can be established without manipulating heaps explicitly.
Definition hor (H1 H2 : hprop) : hprop :=
  \ (b:bool), if b then H1 else H2.

Exercise: 3 stars, standard, optional (hor_eq_hor')

Prove the equivalence of the definitions hor and hor'.
Lemma hor_eq_hor' :
  hor = hor'.
Proof using. (* FILL IN HERE *) Admitted.
The introduction and elimination rules for hor are as follows.
  • If H1 holds, then "H1 or H2" holds.
  • Symmetrically, if H2 holds, then "H1 or H2" holds.
  • Reciprocally, if "H1 or H2" holds, then one can perform a case analysis on whether it is H1 or H2 that holds. Concretely, to show that "H1 or H2" entails H3, one must show both that H1 entails H3 and that H2 entails H3.
Lemma himpl_hor_r_l : H1 H2,
  H1 ==> hor H1 H2.
Proof using. intros. unfolds hor. * true. Qed.

Lemma himpl_hor_r_r : H1 H2,
  H2 ==> hor H1 H2.
Proof using. intros. unfolds hor. * false. Qed.
In practice, these two rules are easier to exploit when combined with a transitivity step.
Lemma himpl_hor_r_l_trans : H1 H2 H3,
  H3 ==> H1
  H3 ==> hor H1 H2.
Proof using. introv W. applys himpl_trans W. applys himpl_hor_r_l. Qed.

Lemma himpl_hor_r_r_trans : H1 H2 H3,
  H3 ==> H2
  H3 ==> hor H1 H2.
Proof using. introv W. applys himpl_trans W. applys himpl_hor_r_r. Qed.
The elimination rule is stated as follows.
Lemma himpl_hor_l : H1 H2 H3,
  H1 ==> H3
  H2 ==> H3
  hor H1 H2 ==> H3.
Proof using.
  introv M1 M2. unfolds hor. applys himpl_hexists_l. intros b. case_if*.
Qed.
The operator hor is commutative. To establish this property, it is handy to exploit the following lemma, called if_neg, which swaps the two branches of a conditional by negating the boolean condition.
Lemma if_neg : (b:bool) A (X Y:A),
  (if b then X else Y) = (if neg b then Y else X).
Proof using. intros. case_if*. Qed.

Exercise: 2 stars, standard, especially useful (hor_comm)

Prove that hor is a symmetric operator. Hint: exploit if_neg and hprop_op_comm (from chapter Himpl).
Lemma hor_comm : H1 H2,
  hor H1 H2 = hor H2 H1.
Proof using. (* FILL IN HERE *) Admitted.
Module HorExample.
Import Repr.
Implicit Types q : loc.
Recall from chapter Repr the definition of MList, and the two lemmas MList_nil and MList_cons that reformulates that definition.

Exercise: 4 stars, standard, especially useful (hor_comm)

Prove that MList can be characterized by a disjunction expressed using hor as shown below.
Lemma MList_using_hor : L p,
  MList L p =
     hor (\[L = nil p = null])
         (\ x q L', \[L = x::L']
                       \* (p ~~~>`{ head := x; tail := q})
                       \* (MList L' q)).
Proof using. (* FILL IN HERE *) Admitted.
End HorExample.

Definition of hand

The heap predicate hand H1 H2 lifts the disjunction operator P1 P2 from Prop to hprop.
Concretely, the heap predicate hand H1 H2 describes a heap that satisfies H1 and at the same time satifies H2.
The heap predicate hand admits a direct definition as a function over heaps.
Definition hand' (H1 H2 : hprop) : hprop :=
  fun hH1 h H2 h.
An alternative definition leverages the \ quantifier. The definition, shown below, reads as follows: "for any boolean value b, if b is true then H1 should hold, and if b is false then H2 should hold".
Definition hand (H1 H2 : hprop) : hprop :=
  \ (b:bool), if b then H1 else H2.

Exercise: 2 stars, standard, especially useful (hand_eq_hand')

Prove the equivalence of the definitions hand and hand'.
Lemma hand_eq_hand' :
  hand = hand'.
Proof using. (* FILL IN HERE *) Admitted.
The introduction and elimination rules for hand are as follows.
  • If "H1 and H2" holds, then in particular H1 holds.
  • Symmetrically, if "H1 and H2" holds, then in particular H2 holds.
  • Reciprocally, to prove that a heap predicate H3 entails "H1 and H2", one must prove that H3 entails H1, and that H3 satisfies H2.
Lemma himpl_hand_l_r : H1 H2,
  hand H1 H2 ==> H1.
Proof using. intros. unfolds hand. applys* himpl_hforall_l true. Qed.

Lemma himpl_hand_l_l : H1 H2,
  hand H1 H2 ==> H2.
Proof using. intros. unfolds hand. applys* himpl_hforall_l false. Qed.

Lemma himpl_hand_r : H1 H2 H3,
  H3 ==> H1
  H3 ==> H2
  H3 ==> hand H1 H2.
Proof using. introv M1 M2 Hh. intros b. case_if*. Qed.

Exercise: 1 star, standard, especially useful (hand_comm)

Prove that hand is a symmetric operator. Hint: use hprop_op_comm, and rewrite if_neg (or a case analysis on the boolean value coming from hand).
Lemma hand_comm : H1 H2,
  hand H1 H2 = hand H2 H1.
Proof using. (* FILL IN HERE *) Admitted.
End ConjDisj.

Summary of All Separation Logic Operators

Module SummaryHprop.
The core operators are defined as functions over heaps.
  Definition hempty : hprop :=
    fun h ⇒ (h = Fmap.empty).

  Definition hsingle (p:loc) (v:val) : hprop :=
    fun h ⇒ (h = Fmap.single p v).

  Definition hstar (H1 H2 : hprop) : hprop :=
    fun h h1 h2, H1 h1
                                 H2 h2
                                 Fmap.disjoint h1 h2
                                 h = Fmap.union h1 h2.

  Definition hexists A (J:Ahprop) : hprop :=
    fun h x, J x h.

  Definition hforall (A : Type) (J : A hprop) : hprop :=
    fun h x, J x h.
The remaining operators can be defined either as functions over heaps, or as derived definitions expressed in terms of the core operators defined above.
Direct definition for the remaining operators.
Module ReaminingOperatorsDirect.

  Definition hpure (P:Prop) : hprop :=
    fun h(h = Fmap.empty) P.

  Definition hwand (H1 H2:hprop) : hprop :=
    fun h h', Fmap.disjoint h h' H1 h' H2 (h \u h').

  Definition qwand (Q1 Q2:valhprop) : hprop :=
    fun h v h', Fmap.disjoint h h' Q1 v h' Q2 v (h \u h').

  Definition hor (H1 H2 : hprop) : hprop :=
    fun hH1 h H2 h.

  Definition hand (H1 H2 : hprop) : hprop :=
    fun hH1 h H2 h.

End ReaminingOperatorsDirect.
Alternative definitions for the same operators, expressed in terms of the core operators.
Module ReaminingOperatorsDerived.

  Definition hpure (P:Prop) : hprop :=
    \ (p:P), \[].

  Definition hwand (H1 H2 : hprop) : hprop :=
    \ H0, H0 \* \[ (H1 \* H0) ==> H2 ].

  Definition qwand (Q1 Q2 : valhprop) : hprop :=
    \ v, (Q1 v) \−∗ (Q2 v).

  Definition qwand' (Q1 Q2 : valhprop) : hprop := (* alternative *)
    \ H0, H0 \* \[ (Q1 \*+ H0) ===> Q2].

  Definition hand (H1 H2 : hprop) : hprop :=
    \ (b:bool), if b then H1 else H2.

  Definition hor (H1 H2 : hprop) : hprop :=
    \ (b:bool), if b then H1 else H2.

End ReaminingOperatorsDerived.
In practice, it saves a lot of effort to use the derived definitions, because using derived definitions all the properties of these definitions can be established with the help of the xsimpl tactic, through reasoning taking place exclusively at the level of hprop.

Historical Notes

The magic wand is an operator that was introduced in the very first days of Separation Logic. From a logical perspective, it makes total sense to have it. From a practical perspective, however, it was not always entirely obvious how the magic wand could simplify specifications and proofs.
Experience with CFML 1.0 shows that it is possible to develop an entire verification frameworks and verify thousands of lines of advanced data structures and algorithms without ever involving the magic wand operator.
The magic wand, however, reveals its interest when exploited (1) in the ramified frame rule, and (2) in weakest-precondition style reasoning rules.
The idea of the ramified frame rule was introduced by [Krishnaswami, Birkedal, and Aldrich 2010]. Its general statement, as formulated in the present chapter, was proposed by [Hobor and Villard 2013]. Developers of the tools VST and Iris have advertised for the interest of this rule. The ramified frame rule was integrated in CFML 2.0 in 2018.
(* 2023-10-01 07:24 *)